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  1. English object-derived deverbal adjectives (4 points)

In English, it is possible to construct an adjective by taking an argument of the verb and prefixing it to an -ing form of the verb. So we can turn the man loves peanuts into the peanut-loving man. This process is quite productive, but it does have some restrictions.

Observe the data in (1) where you can do this, and the data in (2) where you cannot.

(tigers that eat people) (men that fear a god) (teenagers that love fun) (scoundrels that chase women) (a baby that sucks its thumb)

(intended meaning: bread that children eat)

(intended meaning: a thumb that a baby sucks)

(intended meaning: fun that teenagers love)

Explain the difference between the adjectives in (1) and the adjectives in (2) using thematic roles. Under what circumstances can you create a compound like man-eating tiger but not one like ^child-eating bread?

  • Mandarin expletives and the EPP (2 points)

In class, we proposed that the “meaningless” it found in certain English sentences (it rained, itseems to have rained) is due to the Extended Projection Principle (EPP). Consider the following data about weather verbs from Mandarin.

  • Xiayu-le

rain-ASP

“It is raining.”

  • Hen re

very hot

“It is hot. (referring to the weather)”

What does this data tell us about the EPP in Mandarin? Making reference to the examples, briefly discuss whether the EPP holds for Mandarin. (Suppose that this data is generally representative of the Mandarin, and if you are a Mandarin speaker, focus solely on this data.)

  • Explaining unacceptability (6 points)

Each of the following sentences is unacceptable. For each sentence, briefly explain why it is unacceptable using the grammatical notions we’ve developed in this course (such as the structure of sentences or filters like the Theta Criterion). It is not enough to fix the sentence; you must also say why it was unacceptable. Not all the sentences below are unacceptable for the same reasons.

  • ^Calvin bought Andrew a statue a painting.
  • ^Calvin rains.
  • *Louis loves.
  • *Traci gave the whale.

⑼ *They can will eat lunch at 1pm.

(10) ’Yesterday, appeared that everything was going to be okay.

  • DPs with special meanings (8 points)

In class, we proposed that in phrases like a man’s coat, the structure of the phrase looks like in (11). (The numbering is just to make it clear which D and N is the head of which phrase.) (11)

Part 1 (2 points): Give a brief argument that the analysis above is correct, based on the following data.

(12) a. That man’s opinion is offensive.

  • Those men’s opinion is offensive.
  • *Those man’s opinions are offensive.
  • *A men’s opinion is offensive.
  • *A men’s opinions are offensive.

(continued from the previous page)

Part 2 (3 points): Now consider the data in (13). In the (a) and (b) examples, the DP refers to a particular type of toilet or bathroom; in the (c) and (d) examples, which are acceptable but mean something different (hence the #), the DP can only refer to a room that belongs to some man or men. Explain how this data might be evidence that the first determiner, at least in these phrases, is associated with the second noun and not the first noun.(refers to a gender-specific toilet or bathroom) (refers to a gender-specific toilet or bathroom) (can only refer to “a room belonging to a man”) (can only refer to “a room belonging to those men”)

Part 3 (3 points): Make a hypothesis about what’s going in the examples in (13). Do the acceptable examples in (13) have the structure in (11)? If you think that these examples are consistent with the structure in (11), explain why. Alternatively, if you think these examples have a different syntax, provide your own tree and explain the analysis. (If you need to treat‘s as part of the N rather than a D head in your analysis, you can do that for this exercise.)

5 Using constituency tests (10 points)

Mario and Princess Peach were working on their syntax assignment, and were given the sentence in (14) to analyze.

  • Bowser shot fireballs at the player on the bridge.

Mario used a substitution test to show that the player on the bridge is a constituent, a came up with the sentence in (15).

  • Fire Bro shot fireballs at [the player on the bridge], and Bowser shot fireballs at [him], too.

However, Princess Peach used a do so test to show that shot fireballs at the player is a constituent, as shown in (16).

  • Fire Bro [shot fireballs at the player] on the bridge, and Bowser [did so] on the bridge, too.

First, explain why Mario and Princess Peach have different, seemingly contradictory results for their constituency tests. Then, draw a tree that corresponds to the constituency that Princess Peach is proposing.

6 Korean (10 points)

Consider the following examples from Korean. The nom and top suffixes mark nouns as two different types of subjects, and the acc suffix marks a noun as being an object. You can treat all of these as types of determiners. Additionally, past marks the past tense morpheme ( toko “that” is a complementizer (a C), not a determiner. (Korean syntax is more complicated than is indicated here. For this exercise, assume that the data here is representative of the language, and if you speak Korean, focus just on this data.)

  • Toli-ka mantwu-lul mekessta

Toli-NOM dumpling-ACC ate

“Toli ate a dumpling.”

  • ppalkan kong

red ball

“a red ball”

  • Yuli-nun Toli-ka cipey kass tako malhayessta

Yuli-TOP Toli-NOM home went that said

“Yuli said that Toli went home.”

Now answer the following questions.

  1. Assuming that objects and embedded clauses are complements, what is the complement parameter setting for Korean? (E.g., do complements branch to the left or to the right?)
  2. Assume that adjectives are adjuncts to the nouns they modify, what is the adjunct parameter setting for Korean? (E.g., do adjuncts branch to the left or to the right?)

Assuming that subjects are specifiers of TP, what is the specifier setting for Korean? (E.g., do specifiers branch to the left or to the right?)

Draw a tree for (19) above. You will need to infer the position ofT in both the main clause and the embedded clause based on your answer to the complement setting question in this section.

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