🍐 我们总结了荷兰代写中——R代写的经典案例，如果你有任何ECON代写的需要，可以随时联络我们。CoursePear™ From @2009。
1. (10 points) Solve the set of nonlinear equations
in .x; y; z/0.
3x exp.y/ C exp.y/ C z D 5 logxClogyClogz D 1
xyCz D 2:
2. (10+10+15+10 points) Consider the data set with daily stock returns that was created in week 1. The dataset to be used in this problem is posted together with this problem set on nestor (don’t use another version).
Important measures in risk management are the Value-at-Risk (VaR) and the expected shortfall. The Value-at-Risk is a level of losses that is not exceeded with large probability. If we denote losses by the random variable L, with distribution function FL .l I /, the Value-at-Risk is defined formally as
VaR ̨ DF1. ̨I/; L
with the parameters of the distribution of losses. Associated with the Value-at-Risk is the expected shortfall ES ̨ which are the expected losses given that the Value-at-Risk is exceeded. Formally,
ES ̨ D E.LjL > VaR ̨/:
If losses follow a normal distribution (L N.;2/, one can derive that
VaR ̨ D Cˆ1. ̨/; (1) ˆ1. ̨/
ES ̨ D C 1 ̨ ; (2) with ˆ./ the distribution function of the standard normal distribution, and
./ the density of the standard normal distribution.
(a) Verify the validity of equations (1) and (2) by means of a simple sim-
ulation experiment.
You have seen during the lectures that the tails of the normal distribution are too thin to model daily returns correctly. One alternative is to model the returns according to a normal mixture distribution. The density is given by
x 1 x 2 f .x/ D C .1 / ;
12
with ./ the standard normal density, and 0 < < 1.
- (b) Fit normal mixture distribution to the daily returns of the AEX by programming a loglikelihood function and optimizing that function. Estimate all five parameters. Report both the point estimates and their standard errors.
- (c) Estimatetheleveloflossesthatisnotexceedwith99%probabilityus- ing the normal mixture distribution estimated in the previous subques- tion, and provide a 95% confidence interval using asymptotic normal- ity of the maximum likelihood estimator, and the delta method. Enter your estimate for VaR0:99 in the Google form on nestor (you need to login with your University of Groningen account).
- (d) Estimate the expected shortfall corresponding to the 99% Value-at- Risk, using the results of the previous two subquestions.
Note: as the data are given as daily returns (and not in Euro’s), the answers to the last two subquestions are expected to be in terms of daily returns as well.
3. (10 points) Let f .x1; x2/ D .x1 C x2/2. Show that the numerical approxi- mation to the Hessian as discussed in week 3 is exact.
4. (10+15 points) In practice, sometimes data are presented in the form of a table with (relative) frequencies. For example a table with individual pay- ments on a general loss insurance is presented in table 1.
Assume that the individual data underlying the frequencies in table 1 follow a translated Gamma distribution (Y follows a translated Gamma distribution if we have Y D c C X, with X . ̨; ˇ/, and c an additional parameter to be estimated).
- (a) Use the information in the table to fit a translated Gamma distribution by optimizing a loglikelihood function.
- (b) Estimate the probability an arbitrary payment exceeds 150, and pro- vide a 95% confidence interval for that estimated probability. State precisely any assumptions you make.
CoursePear™是一家服务全球留学生的专业代写。
—-我们专注提供高质靠谱的美国、加拿大、英国、澳洲、新西兰代写服务。
—-我们专注提供Essay、统计、金融、CS、经济、数学等覆盖100+专业的作业代写服务。
CoursePear™提供各类学术服务，Essay代写，Assignment代写，Exam / Quiz助攻，Dissertation / Thesis代写，Problem Set代做等。